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José Maria de Eça de Queiroz or Eça de Queirós〔According with the new Portuguese Orthography; see :pt:Eça de Queiroz#cite note-0.〕 (; 25 November 1845 – 16 August 1900) is generally considered to be the greatest Portuguese writer in the realist style.〔(Pick of the week - Consul yourself ), Nicholas Lezard, ''The Guardian'', 23 December 2000〕 Zola considered him to be far greater than Flaubert.〔(backcover of The crime of Father Amaro: scenes of the religious life )〕 The London ''Observer'' critics rank him with Dickens, Balzac and Tolstoy.〔(The Maias, by Eca de Queiros ), New Directions Publishing Corp 〕 Eça never officially rejected Catholicism, and in many of his private letters he even invokes Jesus and uses expressions typical of Catholics, but was very critical of the Catholic Church of his time, and of Christianity in general (also Protestant churches) as is evident in some of his novels. During his lifetime, the spelling was "Eça de Queiroz" and this is the form that appears on many editions of his works; the modern standard Portuguese spelling is "Eça de Queirós". ==Biography== Eça de Queirós was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, in 1845. An illegitimate child, he was officially recorded as the son of José Maria de Almeida Teixeira de Queirós and Carolina Augusta Pereira d'Eça. At age 16, he went to Coimbra to study law at the University of Coimbra; there he met the poet Antero de Quental. Eça's first work was a series of prose poems, published in the ''Gazeta de Portugal'' magazine, which eventually appeared in book form in a posthumous collection edited by Batalha Reis entitled ''Prosas Bárbaras'' ("Barbarous texts"). He worked as a journalist at Évora, then returned to Lisbon and, with his former school friend Ramalho Ortigão and others, created the ''Correspondence'' of the fictional adventurer Fradique Mendes. This amusing work was first published in 1900. In 1869 and 1870, Eça de Queirós travelled to Egypt and watched the opening of the Suez Canal, which inspired several of his works, most notably ''O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra'' ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870), written in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão, in which Fradique Mendes appears. ''A Relíquia'' ("The Relic") was also written at this period but was published only in 1887. The work was strongly influenced by ''Memorie di Giuda'' ("Memoirs of Judas") by Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina, such as to lead some scholars to accuse the Portuguese writer of plagiarism.〔Cláudio Basto, ''Foi Eça de Queirós um plagiador?'', Maranus, 1924, p.70〕 When he was later dispatched to Leiria to work as a municipal administrator, Eça de Queirós wrote his first realist novel, ''O Crime do Padre Amaro'' ("The Sin of Father Amaro"), which is set in the city and first appeared in 1875. Eça then worked in the Portuguese consular service and after two years' service at Havana was stationed, from late 1874 until April 1879, at 53 Grey Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, where there is a memorial plaque in his honour.〔()〕 His diplomatic duties involved the dispatch of detailed reports to the Portuguese foreign office concerning the unrest in the Northumberland and Durham coalfields - in which, as he points out, the miners earned twice as much as those in South Wales, along with free housing and a weekly supply of coal. The Newcastle years were among the most productive of his literary career. He published the second version of ''O Crime de Padre Amaro'' in 1876 and another celebrated novel, ''O Primo Basílio'' ("Cousin Bazilio") in 1878, as well as working on a number of other projects. These included the first of his "Cartas de Londres" ("Letters from London") which were printed in the Lisbon daily newspaper ''Diário de Notícias'' and afterwards appeared in book form as ''Cartas de Inglaterra''. As early as 1878 he had at least given a name to his masterpiece ''Os Maias'' ("The Maias"), though this was largely written during his later residence in Bristol and was published only in 1888. There is a plaque to Eça in that city and another was unveiled in Grey Street, Newcastle, in 2001 by the Portuguese ambassador. Eça, a cosmopolite widely read in English literature, was not enamoured of English society, but he was fascinated by its oddity. In Bristol he wrote: "Everything about this society is disagreeable to me - from its limited way of thinking to its indecent manner of cooking vegetables." As often happens when a writer is unhappy, the weather is endlessly bad. Nevertheless, he was rarely bored and was content to stay in England for some fifteen years. "I detest England, but this does not stop me from declaring that as a thinking nation, she is probably the foremost." It may be said that England acted as a constant stimulus and a corrective to Eça’s traditionally Portuguese Francophilia. In 1888 he became Portuguese consul-general in Paris. He lived at Neuilly-sur-Seine and continued to write journalism (''Ecos de Paris'', "Echos from Paris") as well as literary criticism. He died in 1900 of either tuberculosis or, according to numerous contemporary physicians, Crohn's disease.〔()〕 His son António Eça de Queirós would hold government office under António de Oliveira Salazar. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「José Maria de Eça de Queirós」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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